Alcoholism Among Adolescents A Public Health Problem

Alcoholism amongst adolescents is a major public health problem. The purpose of researching alcoholism amongst adolescents is because alcohol is a drug. The drug of alcoholism is the most common and also the most abused drug amongst adolescents. The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) believes that alcoholism amongst adolescents can lead to binge drinking and its on the rise. The CDC states, â€Å" Alcohol use is responsible for more than 4,300 annual deaths among underage youth. Although drinking by persons under the age of 21 is illegal, people aged 12 to 20 years drink 11% of all alcohol consumed in the United States. More than 90% of this alcohol is consumed in the form of binge drinks. On average, underage drinkers consume more drinks per drinking occasion than adult drinkers (CDC 2014)†. The CDC also notes, â€Å"Youth who start drinking before age 15 years are five times more likely to develop alcohol dependence or abuse later in life than those who beg in drinking at or after age 21 years. (CDC 2014)† Understanding the attributable causes of alcoholism drew my attention to researching literature and studies of the causes. The national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism informed me on a lot of background information regarding alcoholism and adolescents and its affects. The director, Enoch Gordis, M.D., wrote a commentary that stated information about alcohol as a drug. Gordis stated, â€Å"Alcohol, the most widely used and abused drug among youth, causesShow MoreRelatedThe Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered1705 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol is usually sought after within the adolescent community and has been an issue among young people. 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Lbo Model Free Essays

Leveraged Buyout Model (LBO) Copyright 2009 Investment Banking Institute www. ibtraining. com Table of Contents I. We will write a custom essay sample on Lbo Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now Uses for An LBO Model on Sell-side and Buy-side Construction of LBO Model Structure and Assumptions Worksheet Purchase price calculation and considerations Sources and Uses II. Capital Structure Alternatives Integration of Proforma Balance Sheet into Financial Model Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Projections Integration III. IRR Analysis for Financial Sponsor and Hybrid Debt Lender IV. Sensitivity Tables V. Credit Ratios 2 Uses for an LBO Model on the Buy-Side A Leveraged Buyout Model (â€Å"LBO Model†) is a key analysis used by private equity firms / financial sponsors to evaluate a potential acquisition The goal of an LBO is to acquire a company by financing the purchase with as much debt as the cash flows of the business and the debt markets will support The more debt a financial sponsor is able to obtain to finance an acquisition, the less of an equity investment the financial sponsor has to make The higher the leverage levels, the higher the expected Internal Rate of Return (â€Å"IRR†) is for the financial sponsor / private equity firm The goal of an LBO model is to establish expected internal rates of return (â€Å"IRR†) for the acquisition using a financial model that reflects the following: Purchase price assumptions and the necessary cash needed to finance the acquisition (uses of cash) Capitalization assumptions: leverage (amount of debt), different debt tranches, equity investment amounts (sources of cash) Base case financial projections for the income statement, balance sheet and cash flow based upon the purchase price and capitalization assumptions The LBO model should be built with the ability to run sensitivities for a range of purchase prices, capitalization structures, operating assumptions, etc. 3 Uses for an LBO Model on the Buy-Side Private Equity Firms / Financial Sponsors usually have a required rate of return hurdle f the expected IRR range for a potential acquisition does not meet or exceed the hurdle rate, often the PE firm / financial sponsor does not move forward with the acquisition PE firms required rates of return usually range from 15% on the low-side to 30% on the high-side, with the typical range targeted at 18% – 25% The IRR analysis is strongly driven by the amount of leverage With higher leverage levels, the financial sponsor has to invest less equity, and therefore has a higher IRR Therefore, often the goal is to leverage up the Company as much as the cash flow of the business and the debt markets will permit More leverage makes the business inherently riskier, as more of the cash flows generated by the business will be used to pay interest expense and debt service The amount of leverage is largely determined by the state of the debt markets 4 Uses for an LBO Model on the Buy-Side The amount of leverage is largely determined by the state of the debt markets For the last several years, the debt markets have been experiencing excess liquidity Because of the excess liquidity, lenders have been allowing higher leverage levels Depending on the industry and business, transactions over the last several years have been leveraged at between 4. 0x – 6. 0x recent EBITDA These higher leverage levels allow the financial sponsor to pay more for the company and still attain its required IRR The leverage level of 4. 0x – 6. x recent EBITDA is comprised of some combination of senior secured loans and junior loans (second lien, third lien, unsecured loan, hybrid debt / equity securities) Lenders may require the financial sponsor to have a minimum equity investment as % of total capitalization Minimum equity contribution is typically around 20% â₠¬â€œ 25%, depending on industry and purchase price 5 Uses for an LBO Model on the Buy-Side The LBO Model is also used for the Lenders’ perspectives Lenders like to see expected leverage and coverage ratios based upon the Company’s projected income statement, balance sheet, cash flow, and capitalization Typical ratios that lenders like to see are: Leverage Ratios Total Debt / EBITDA Net Debt / EBITDA Secured Debt / EBITDA EBITDA / Net Interest Expense EBITDA / Cash Interest Expense Interest Coverage Statistics EBITDA / Net Interest Expense EBITDA / Cash Interest EBITDA – Capex / Net Interest Expense EBITDA – Capex / Cash Interest Expense EBITDA – Capex – ? W/C / Net Interest Expense EBITDA – Capex – ? W/C / Cash Interest Expense EBITDA – Capex – ? W/C – Taxes/ Net Interest Expense EBITDA – Capex – ? W/C – Taxes/ Cash Interest Expense 6 Uses for an LBO Model on the Sell-Side Investment Bankers often construct LBO models to: Provide this service to a financial sponsor client that is interested in pursuing an acquisition Provide this service to a Company client where the company is being sold – Illustrates the range of purchase prices financial buyers could pay and still attain their required IRR – Uses the current debt markets conditions as assumptions for the capitalization As a â€Å"gut-check† for other valuation methodologies (DCF, Public comparable company multiples, acquisition multiples) 7 Table of Contents I. Uses for An LBO Model on Sell-side and Buy-side Construction of LBO Model Structure and Assumptions Worksheet Purchase price calculation and considerations Sources and Uses II. Capital Structure Alternatives Integration of Proforma Balance Sheet into Financial Model Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Projections Integration III. IRR Analysis for Financial Sponsor and Hybrid Debt Lender IV. Sensitivity Tables V. Credit Ratios 8 Construction of LBO Model Structure and Assumptions Worksheet Build upon the Financial Model template, and modify accordingly Add a worksheet for the LBO Model Structure and Assumptions The LBO Assumptions tab will have drivers for Purchase price assumptions Uses: Cash required to acquire the company and pay associated fees Sources: Cash available to acquire the company (debt, equity) USES = SOURCES Capitalization assumptions IRR Analyses 9 Purchase Price Calculation and Considerations The determination of the purchase price is complicated and typically involves a full-scale valuation (DCF, public company multiples and transaction multiples) as well as extensive due diligence on Company’s operations, financial condition, management team, customers, suppliers, assets, etc. If the Company has publicly traded equity, then typically a purchase price would be calculated much as TEV is calculated: (Offer price per share * fully diluted shares) + debt + minority interest + preferred interest – cash For the purposes of this model, we are assuming the LBO of a private company, and therefore using the most recent 12 month EBITDA and EBITDA multiple as the drivers of purchase price Purchase price = EBITDA * EBITDA multiple We are assuming the transaction closes on December 31, 2008 LBO of Company A ($ in millions) TRANSACTION ASSUMPTIONS Closing Date 31-Dec-08 2008 EBITDA $60. 0 EBITDA Multiple 6. 0x Transaction (Enterprise) Value $360. 0 Less: Existing Debt ($190. 8) Plus: Cash $0. 0 Implied Equity Purchase Price $169. 2 10 Sources and Uses Total Uses is the amount of cash necessary to complete the transaction Usually equals the purchase price plus transaction fees and any other cash payment required as part of the transaction – For the LBO of a publicly traded company, purchase price is calculated as (offer price per share * shares outstanding ) + debt + minority interest + preferred equity – cash, and cash on target’s balance sheet is used as a source Other required cash payments could be payments to certain parties that kick-in with a change of control (e. g. anagement payments, premiums to outstanding notes, etc. ) Total Sources illustrates the sources of capital to complete the transaction Usually equals debt + equity + any other cash available Total Uses = Total Sources LBO of Company A ($ in millions) TRANSACTION ASSUMPTIONS Closing Date 31-Dec-08 200 8 EBITDA $60. 0 EBITDA Multiple 6. 0x Transaction (Enterprise) Value $360. 0 Less: Existing Debt ($190. 8) Plus: Cash $0. 0 Implied Equity Purchase Price $169. 2 TOTAL USES Uses Equity Purchase Price Paydown Existing Debt Financing Fees Investment Banking Fees Legal Fees Other Fees and Expenses $169. 2 $190. 8 8. 0 4. 0 1. 0 1. 0 Total Uses $374. 0 TOTAL SOURCES Amount EBITDA of Funded Multiple Capitalization $0. 0 0. 0x 0. 0% 0. 0 0. 0x 0. 0% 120. 0 2. 0x 32. 1% 90. 0 1. 5x 24. 1% 60. 0 1. 0x 16. 0% 270. 0 4. 5x 72. 2% 104. 0 27. 8% $374. 0 100. 0% Capitalization Cash Revolver Term Loan Senior Bonds Unsecured Notes with Warrants Total Debt Sponsor Equity Total Sources 11 Interest Rate Cash Pay PIK 7. 0% 7. 5% 9. 5% 0. 0% 0. 0% 0. 0% 0. 0% 10. 0% % of Fully Diluted Equity na na na 5. 0% Capital Structure Alternatives The Total Sources Side is comprised of the capitalization assumptions The financial sponsor typically wants to leverage the transaction as much as the business’s cash flow and the lenders will allow Depending on the conditions of the debt markets and lenders’ requirements, financial sponsors would typically provide approximately 20% – 30% of the capitalization as an equity investment The debt is comprised of different securities usually provided by different lenders Revolver / Term loan (senior secured loans) are usually provided by typical commercial banks such as Citigroup, JPMorganChase, GE Commercial Finance, etc. , and have lower interest rates Junior loans such as second and third lien pieces and unsecured loans can be provided by public markets (high yield issue) and private placements (hedge funds, junior loan providers, investment bank providing balance sheet financing, etc. ) Often, the most junior piece on the capital structure will have equity warrants attached; the most junior lender will require a much higher rate of return than the more senior lenders The financial sponsors want to attain as much of the lower-priced debt as possible; in this example, we have assumed that total senior leverage (revolver + term loan) = 2. 0x EBITDA The example shows a 4. 5x EBITDA leverage ratio, and 1. 7x EBITDA equity ratio (LTM EBITDA is $60 million in this case) Capitalization Cash Revolver Term Loan Senior Bonds Unsecured Notes with Warrants Total Debt Sponsor Equity Total Sources TOTAL SOURCES Amount EBITDA % of Funded Multiple Capitalization $0. 0 0. 0x 0. 0% 0. 0 0. 0x 0. 0% 120. 0 2. 0x 32. 1% 90. 0 1. 5x 24. 1% 60. 0 1. 0x 16. 0% 70. 0 4. 5x 72. 2% 104. 0 27. 8% $374. 0 100. 0% 12 Interest Rate Cash Pay PIK 7. 0% 7. 5% 9. 5% 0. 0% 0. 0% 0. 0% 0. 0% 10. 0% % of Fully Diluted Equity na na na 5. 0% Creation of Proforma Balance Sheet Proforma Balance Sheet ($ in millions) Balance Sheet Assets Cash Accounts Receivable Inventory Other Current Assets Total Current Assets Historical Dec. 31 2008 $0. 0 $16. 0 $10. 0 $1. 0 $27. 0 Financing/ Transaction Adjustments $0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 $0. 0 Proforma Dec. 31 2008 $0. 0 16. 0 10. 0 1. 0 $27. 0 Gross PPE Cumulative Depreciation Net PPE $323. 2 $45. 0 $278. 2 $0. 0 0. 0 $0. 0 $323. 2 45. 0 $278. 2 Amortizable Intangibles Goodwill Total Assets $0. 0 5. 0 $310. 2 $8. 0 65. 2 $73. 2 $8. 0 70. 2 $383. 4 Liabilities Accounts Payable Accrued Liabilities Other Current Liabilities Total Current Liabilities $11. 0 $2. 4 $0. 0 $13. 4 $0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 $0. 0 $11. 0 $2. 4 0. 0 $13. 4 Existing Debt Revolving Credit Facility Term Loan Unsecured Debt $40. 8 $100. 0 $50. 0 New Debt Revolving Credit Facility Term Loan Second Lien Unsecured Debt $0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 $0. 0 $120. 0 $90. 0 $60. 0 $0. 0 $120. 0 $90. 0 $60. 0 Other Liabilities Total Liabilities $2. 0 $206. 2 $0. 0 $79. 2 $2. 0 $285. 4 Shareholders Equity Retained Earnings Common Stock Total Shareholders Equity $94. 0 10. 0 $104. ($100. 0) $94. 0 ($6. 0) Total Liabilities and Equity Check $310. 2 $0. 0 $73. 2 $0. 0 ($40. 8) ($100. 0) ($50. 0) $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 ($6. 0) 104. 0 $98. 0 $383. 4 $0. 0 13 Creating a proforma balance sheet on a new worksheet allows for the integration of the new capital structure / sources into the existing financial model In the purchase of a private company, the seller typically sweeps all of the cash on the balance sheet at closing In the LBO of a publicly traded company, cash would not typically be swept as it is part of the offer price per share There may be a writeup or writedown of the value of the AR, Inventory and PPE; this has an mpact on the tax basis All financing fees incurred in the transaction can still be capitalized and amortized The Goodwill is Purchase Price + MA Fees – New Debt – Old Book Value of Equity; this amount can no longer be amortized In the purchase of a public company, goodwill is calculated as equity value of purchase – book value of equity The buyer typically assumes all of the normalcourse short term liabilities The â€Å"old debt† is eliminated (as the seller typically uses proceeds from the sale to pay all existing debt) In the purchase of a public company, often the existing debt of the acquired company remains outstanding, and is â€Å"assumed† by the acquirer The â€Å"new debt† is fed from the Total Sources cells Shareholders’ Equity may require a plug to allow for the Total Assets to equal Total Liabilities + Shareholders’ Equity Creation of Proforma Balance Sheet ($ in millions) PROJECTED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 2009P 2010P 2011P 2012P 2013P 2008A Pro Forma 2008P Balance Sheet Assets Cash Accounts Receivable Inventory Other Current Assets Total Current Assets $0. 0 $16. 0 $10. 0 $1. 0 $27. 0 $0. 0 $16. 0 $10. 0 $1. 0 $27. 0 $0. 0 $17. 5 $10. 5 $1. 0 $29. 0 $0. 0 $18. 4 $11. 0 $1. 0 $30. 4 $1. 9 $19. 3 $11. 6 $1. 0 $33. 8 $7. 5 $20. 3 $12. 2 $1. 0 $40. 9 $0. 0 $21. 3 $12. 8 $1. 0 $35. 0 Gross PPE Cumulative Depreciation Net PPE $323. 2 $45. 0 $278. 2 $323. 2 $45. 0 $278. 2 $337. 9 $51. 8 $286. 1 $353. 3 $58. 8 $294. 5 $369. 5 $66. 2 $303. 3 $386. 6 $73. 9 $312. 6 $404. 4 $82. 0 $322. 4 Amortizable Intangibles Goodwill Total Assets $0. 0 $5. 0 $310. 2 $8. 0 $70. 2 $383. 4 $6. 4 $70. 2 $391. 7 $4. 8 $70. 2 $399. 9 $3. 2 $70. 2 $410. 5 $1. 6 $70. 2 $425. 4 $0. 0 $70. 2 $427. 6 Liabilities Accounts Payable Accrued Liabilities Other Current Liabilities Total Current Liabilities $11. 0 $2. 4 $0. 0 $13. 4 $11. 0 $2. 4 $0. 0 $13. 4 $11. 7 $2. 5 $1. 0 $15. 2 $12. 3 $2. 6 $1. 0 $15. 9 $12. 9 $2. 8 $1. 0 $16. 6 $13. 5 $2. 9 $1. 0 $17. 4 $14. 2 $3. 1 1. 0 $18. 2 Existing Debt: Revolving Credit Facility Term Loan Unsecured Debt $40. 8 $100. 0 $50. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 New Debt Revolving Credit Facility Term Loan Senior Bonds Unsecured Debt $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $0. 0 $120. 0 $90. 0 $60. 0 $1. 5 $100 . 0 $90. 0 $66. 0 $1. 0 $80. 0 $90. 0 $72. 6 $0. 0 $60. 0 $90. 0 $79. 9 $0. 0 $40. 0 $90. 0 $87. 8 $3. 8 $0. 0 $90. 0 $96. 6 Other Liabilities Total Liabilities $2. 0 $206. 2 $2. 0 $285. 4 $2. 0 $274. 7 $2. 0 $261. 5 $2. 0 $248. 5 $2. 0 $237. 3 $2. 0 $210. 7 Shareholders Equity Retained Earnings Common Stock Total Shareholders Equity $94. 0 $10. 0 $104. 0 ($6. 0) $104. 0 $98. 0 $13. 1 $104. 0 $117. 1 $34. 4 $104. 0 $138. 4 $58. 0 $104. 0 $162. 0 $84. 1 $104. 0 $188. 1 $112. 9 $104. 0 $216. 9 Total Liabilities and Equity Check $310. 2 $0. 0 $383. 4 $0. 0 $391. 7 $0. 0 $399. 9 $0. 0 $410. 5 $0. 0 $425. 4 $0. 0 $427. 6 $0. 0 14 The Proforma Balance Sheet is then fed into the existing model’s balance sheet, and integrated appropriately into the cash flow and income statement We are assuming the transaction occurs on Dec. 31, 2008 Be careful when you are integrating to NOT CHANGE the income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement for the period right efore the transaction date The income statement and cash flows for 2008 will not change because of the acquisition (as it occurs on Dec. 31, 2008, after the 2008 period has ended) Only the 2009 and onward income statement and cash flows will reflect the impact of the new capital structure / balance sheet Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Projections Integration The remainder of the projection model is completed as we discussed in the last class Construction of a debt and interest schedule and revolver model allows the integration of the income statement, balance sheet and cash flow projections Be careful to make sure that the cash flow for the period irectly following the transaction closing is being calculated as the changes in the proforma balance sheet and that period directly following the transaction 15 Table of Contents I. Uses for An LBO Model on Sell-side and Buy-side Construction of LBO Model Structure and Assumptions Worksheet Purchase price calculation and considerations Sources and Uses II. Capital Structure Alternatives Integration of Proforma Balance Sheet into Financial Model Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Projections Integration III. IRR Analysis for Financial Sponsor and Hybrid Debt Lender IV. Sensitivity Tables V. Credit Ratios 16 IRR Analysis for Financial Sponso rs The financial sponsor’s IRR analysis accounts for all cash flows coming from the financial sponsor for or to the Company, as well as all cash flows from the Company to the financial sponsor during the period from closing the acquisition to the sale of the company (other than management fees) Often, the company pays the financial sponsor â€Å"management fees† in exchange for the financial sponsor’s ongoing support, management and advice provided to the management team as well as covering the financial sponsor’s direct expenses and overhead allocation Management fees are expensed as an SGA expense on the company’s income statement and range greatly, depending on company’s size Typically financial sponsors do not include the payment of management fees in the IRR analysis 17 IRR Analysis for Financial Sponsors Amounts that the financial sponsor pays for or to the company are counted as cash outflows; examples include Initial equity investment Any additional equity investments made into the company during the holding period Any amount received by the financial sponsor from or by the company are counted as cash inflows (other than management fees); examples include: Proceeds from sale of the company Common or preferred dividends paid to financial sponsor Proceeds from a recapitalization 18 IRR Analysis for Financial Sponsors Calculate the sale of the business, assuming it is sold on December 31, 2013 Use the 2013 projected EBITDA, and the same EBITDA multiple assumption used for the purchase of the Company in 2008 Calculate the proceeds to the financial sponsor, taking into account any equity dilution that may result from warrants, management stock plan, transaction fees, etc. SALE OF COMPANY A IN 2013 Closing Date 31-Dec-13 2012 EBITDA EBITDA Multiple Transaction Value Less: Total Debt Plus: Cash Balance $76. 6 6. 0x $459. 5 (190. 5) 0. 0 Less: Transaction Fees (1) Equity Value % Equity to Sponsor Equity to Sponsor (6. 6) $262. 4 95. 0% $249. 3 % Equity to Unsecured Lender Equity to Unsecured Lender 5. 0% 13. 1 (1) Assumes 1% of Purchase Price for Investment Banking Fees, plus $2 million in legal and other expenses. 19 IRR Analysis for Financial Sponsors The following table illustrates the categories to calculate the IRR to the financial sponsor Any cash flow from the financial sponsor for or to the com pany is negative Any cash flow from or for the company to the financial sponsor is positive In general there is no closed-form solution for IRR, particularly with variable cash flows for each year; however, excel can easily calculate the IRR using the following formula: = IRR (total cash flows over period, estimated IRR) From Total Sources table SALE OF COMPANY A IN 2013 Closing Date 31-Dec-13 2012 EBITDA EBITDA Multiple Transaction Value Less: Total Debt Plus: Cash Balance Less: Transaction Fees Equity Value % Equity to Sponsor Equity to Sponsor $76. 6 6. 0x $459. 5 (190. 5) 0. 0 (1) % Equity to Unsecured Lender Equity to Unsecured Lender IRR to Financial Sponsor Initial Equity Investment Dividends Proceeds at Sale Total Cash Flows to Sponsor IRR Calculation 12/31/08 ($104. 0) 0. 0 0. 0 ($104. 0) 19. 1% 12/31/09 $0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 $0. 0 12/31/10 $0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 $0. 0 12/31/11 $0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 $0. 0 12/31/12 $0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 $0. 0 12/31/13 $0. 0 0. 0 249. 3 $249. 3 (6. 6) $262. 4 95. 0% $249. 3 5. 0% $13. 1 IRR = IRR (Total Cash flows to sponsor 2009 – 2013, estimated IRR) 20 IRR for Hybrid Securities Holder The following table illustrates the categories to calculate the IRR to the Unsecured Lender Recall from the sources and uses, that the unsecured lender loaned an amount of $60 million at a 10% PIK interest rate, with equity warrants equal to 5% of the fully-diluted equity of the company upon a sale Any cash flow from the lender to the company is negative (initial loan) Any cash flow from the company to the lender is positive (includes any cash interest received during the period, the payment of the principal balance plus any accrued interest at maturity, and equity to the unsecured lender at a sale) In certain cases, the exercise of the warrants would require the payment by the warrant holders to the Company of an exercise price; the proceeds from the warrant exercise would be a source of cash for the seller This is very transaction-specific and would be extensively negotiated in the agreement between the company and the lenders From Total Sources table IRR to Unsecured Lender Initial Loan Cash Interest Received Principal Repayment at Sale Equity from Warrants at Sale Total Cash Flows to Lender IRR Calculation From Debt and Interest Schedule – Cash Interest only 12/31/08 ($60. 0) 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 ($60. 0) 12. 8% 12/31/09 $0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 $0. 0 12/31/10 $0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 $0. 0 12/31/11 $0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 $0. 0 12/31/12 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 $0. 0 12/31/13 $0. 0 0. 0 96. 6 13. 1 $109. 8 From Balance Sheet IRR = IRR (Total Cash flows to lender 2006 – 2010, estimated IRR) 21 Table of Contents I. Uses for An LBO Model on Sell-side and Buy-side Construction of LBO M odel Structure and Assumptions Worksheet Purchase price calculation and considerations Sources and Uses II. Capital Structure Alternatives Integration of Proforma Balance Sheet into Financial Model Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Projections Integration III. IRR Analysis for Financial Sponsor and Hybrid Debt Lender IV. Sensitivity Tables V. Credit Ratios 22 Sensitivities on Financial Model Running sensitivities on your LBO assumptions is a good check to make sure the model is running properly as well as being able to show how a change in one variable will impact the whole model Sensitivity tables illustrate the impact on the model for a range of variable changes, and this LBO model has the flexibility to run sensitivities on the LBO assumptions (purchase price, capital structure, etc. ) and the business’s operations (growth rates, margins, etc) to see the impact on the expected IRRs of the financial sponsor and unsecured lender Setting up a sensitivity table: Input a range of variables on the x-axis of the chart Input a second range of variables on the y-axis of the chart link the intersection cell on the left hand corner of the chart to the cell that has the proper formula Highlight the data sensitivity table Go to â€Å"Data† toolbar, select â€Å"Table†; a box pops up that has Row Input Cell and Column Input Cell – – For Row Input Cell, click on the cell that has the driver / assumption input for the x axis variable For the Column Input Cell, click on the cell that has the driver / assumption input for the y axis variable 23 Table of Contents I. Uses for An LBO Model on Sell-side and Buy-side Construction of LBO Model Structure and Assumptions Worksheet Purchase price calculation and considerations Sources and Uses II. Capital Structure Alternatives Integration of Proforma Balance Sheet into Financial Model Income Statement, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Projections Integration III. IRR Analysis for Financial Sponsor and Hybrid Debt Lender IV. Sensitivity Tables V. Credit Ratios 24 Credit Ratios In determining how much money to lend to companies / financial sponsors for an acquisition, lenders analyze the amount of coverage they will have on their loans Lenders typically look at the following projected credit ratios, based on the base case scenarios, and then will run stress tests on the model to look at the impact on these ratios in the event the company takes a turn for the worse Leverage Ratios Total Debt / EBITDA Net Debt / EBITDA Secured Debt / EBITDA EBITDA / Net Interest Expense EBITDA / Cash Interest Expense 4. 1x 4. 1x 3. 0x 2. 8x 3. 7x 3. 7x 3. 7x 2. 6x 3. 0x 4. 3x 3. x 3. 3x 2. 2x 3. 3x 5. 0x 3. 0x 2. 9x 1. 8x 3. 6x 5. 9x 2. 5x 2. 5x 1. 2x 4. 1x 7. 5x Interest Coverage Statistics EBITDA / Net Interest Expense EBITDA / Cash Interest EBITDA – Capex / Net Interest Expense EBITDA – Capex / Cash Interest Expense EBITDA – Capex – ? W/C / Net Interest Expense EBITDA – Capex – ? W/C / Cash Interest Expense EBITDA – Capex – ? W/C – Taxes/ Net Interest Expense EBITDA – Capex – ? W/C – Taxes/ Cash Interest Expense 2. 8x 3. 7x 2. 1x 2. 9x 2. 1x 2. 9x 1. 6x 2. 1x 3. 0x 4. 3x 2. 3x 3. 3x 2. 3x 3. 3x 1. 7x 2. 4x 3. 3x 5. 0x 2. 5x 3. 8x 2. 6x 3. 9x 1. 8x 2. 8x 3. 6x 5. 9x 2. 8x 4. 5x 2. 8x 4. 6x 2. 0x 3. 2x 4. 1x 7. 5x 3. x 5. 8x 3. 2x 5. 8x 2. 1x 4. 0x 25 Build an LBO Model from Scratch Build an LBO Model for Company B, using the historic financial statements (available electronically) Use the assumptions you feel are appropriate for projecting the Income Statement, balance sheet, and cash flow Use the following assumptions for the acquisition and financing: Acquisition – Closing date is December 31, 2008 – Purchase price is 7. 0x 2008 EBITDA Multiple Uses – Financing Fees are equal to 3% of purchase price – Investment banking fees a re equal to 1% of purchase price – Legal fees are equal to $1 million – Other fees and expenses are equal to $1 million Sources Equity must equal 20% of total uses / sources – Revolver availability is $20 million, with total amount funded equal to 75% of Inventory and 65% of Accounts Receivable at a 5% cash pay interest rate – Term Loan is equal to 2. 5x 2008 EBITDA, to be amortized over 7 years, at a 5% cash pay interest rate – Second Lien debt is equal to 1. 5x 2008 EBITDA, with a 10% cash pay interest rate – Unsecured Notes with Warrants fill the balance of the capital structure; 10% PIK rate with warrants equal to 15% of fully diluted equity upon sale of company Annual management fees to financial sponsor of $1 mm starting in 2007 Amortize fees over 5 year period Sale of Business in 2012 – Sold at 7. 0x 2012 multiple – Transaction fee equal to 1% of purchase price for investment banking fees plus $2 million in legal and other expenses Calculate the IRR to the financial sponsor Calculate the IRR to the unsecured lender with warrants Calculate sensitivity tables for the following: – IRR to financial sponsor for range of multiples paid and equity investment as % of total capital – IRR to unsecured lender for range of multiples paid and equity investment as % of total capital – Maximum revolver drawn for range of multiples paid and equity investment as % of total capital Add summary and credit ratios tables 26 How to cite Lbo Model, Essay examples

Social Networking Sites Bring More Benefits Than Harms free essay sample

Nowadays, social networking sites are very popular among people all around the world especially teenagers. In fact, social networking sites such as Facebook, Myspace and Twitter are names which are quite familiar to anyone of us. Furthermore, many of us make use of these social networking sites to stay in touch with our family and friends. This is because that these sites are cheap, fast and easy to access. However, the parents often feel worry for letting their teens use these social networking sites. In this case, a study IVe founded stated that these sites have actually bring more enefits than harms to teens. Advocates of the social networking sites show that these sites have become an essential daily necessity for people who are using them. These sites serve as a great way for people to meet new friends from every part of the world. They are able to create their own profile in these social networking sites and start making new friends. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Networking Sites Bring More Benefits Than Harms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They can find users who have the same interests to them with the help of advanced search tools and that can be the starting point of a great friendship or relationship. Many people meet online and then stabilish a relationship in real life. However, they need to be extra be careful when they want to meet friends whom they know from social networking sites so that they will not be cheated or lead themselves into dangers. These sites are Just convenient and easy. People with low self-esteem may make their friends via social networking sites. When they interact with other people through the internet, it becomes more easier for shy people or those who have low self-esteem since they dont have to talk with eople face to face and the purpose of these sites is to start and participate in online conversations. These sites can help to develop a positive attitude for people who are shy. These social networking sites also help these people to increase their confident in socialization and hence overcome their low self-esteem and enhance their communication skills. The interaction between them with other people will not be a problem later on since they have already talked and interacted online. Thus, I believe that social networking sites bring more benefits to people. Besides, people can share their thoughts on the social networking sites. Social networking sites act as a forum where people around the world are able to give their opinions on certain topics that we shared on our profile. For example, the hot topic for this year is the abandoned of helpless babies by irresponsible fathers or mothers. In this case, people can always share their opinions on some certain hot topics by just updating their status in their profile. Meanwhile, the secondary students, collegues and universities students may discuss about their homeworks, Journal ritings and assignments too. They can gain some new knowledge and get to know other peoples opinion which can help them to write better essays. They can also learn about other countries cultures and t li estyles where the intormations mig useful in their future. The social networking sites also provide a good way for people to release their pressure. These sites especially Facebook provide entertainments such as mini games or videos and songs applications. The users of Facebook can use these applications to release their daily life pressure. They can also release their problems by updating their status by using Facebook or Twitter. These social networking sites are certainly convenient especially for people who are always busy with their works as they can be access easily via mobile. Therefore, these websites will give people benefits as long as the people are using them in the proper way. Some social networking sites are also acting as good places to find a Job for those who are Jobless. Most people knows that the best way to find a Job is through social etworking sites. Nowadays the big companiese have specialists on human resources that search for profiles in these kind of sites to recruit new collaborators. Therefore, those who are Jobless can create a profile and describe their capabilities and publish some of their works on the profile created. This might enhance their chances to be discovered and recruited by a company although it is a matter of luck. In conclusion, I totally agree that social networking sites bring more benefits than harms if we use it correctly. It is impossible to have events involving child predators and other dangerous individuals using these sites if and only if the parents guide their children to make use of these sites responsibly. Besides, if we want to build our reputation and have more friends well need to participate more in social networking. An old sayings sing that going to the gym and doing a few reps will not make you a body builder. Therefore, people should have involve themselves more in social networking so that they can make fully use of these websites which benefits them a

Porsche 928 free essay sample

For products purchase, a customer who needs a certain product does not straight jump to purchase decision as right decision would not be so easily made, especially for high involvement products such as cars. The buyer decision process is the decision making process undertaken by consumers, which consists of five stages: problem recognition, information search, alternative evaluation, purchase decision, and lastly post-purchase behaviour. If we analyze the buyer decision process of a traditional Porsche customers stepwise, we can see that they buy Porsche because they see themselves in it. Now, let’s elaborate.. a) Need recognition; The profile of a Porsche car buyer is financially successful person that loves challenge. Basically, Porsche is more than a utility car for its buyers. Its customers’ motive is to enjoy the car not just use it. Financially successful people are the main customers of Porsche. They want their car to represent how successful they are. We will write a custom essay sample on Porsche 928 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This brand itself is an image of exclusivity. Hence, we can say that the buyers of Porsche do not primarily need a car for transport. Rather, they buy it for satisfaction, enjoyment and uniqueness regardless of the car’s price, size, fuel economy and other practical considerations. b) Information search: Traditional Porsche buyers search information for the right car to represent how successful they are. As the brand is popular for its distinctiveness, their buyers do not really get affected by the information but by strong and satisfying feelings. As Porsche’s low volume and fragmented auto market enhances its matchlessness, the buyers do not need information search process much. c) Evaluation of alternatives: Traditional Porsche’s customers are totally focused on a car which reflects their identity. These individuals see themselves not as part of the regular world but as exception to it. As Porsche’s image of exclusivity cannot be compared to any other cars , their buyers do not tend to prioritize on other alternatives and just go for Porsche. d) Purchase decision: Their customers’ purchase decision is based on their expectation and satisfaction. People buy Porsche because they enjoy driving it. As, they see themselves in their cars, they decide to buy a car which is completely a reflection of their image. After the consumer has evaluated all the options and would be having the intention to buy the product, there could be now only two things which might just change the decision of the consumer of buying the product that is what the other peers of the consumer think of the product and any unforeseen circumstances. Unforeseen circumstances for example in this case could be financial losses, which led to not buying of the product. Hence, the purchase decision is solely based on their belief and pleasure. e) Post purchase behavior: Before buying a Porsche car a potential Porsche buyer has a certain expectation considering the car and the extra service you get from de car company. After the purchase the consumer might just go through post purchase dissonance in which the consumer feels that buying the other product would be better. If the company reacts on this and make expectation match reality the buyer obviously will repeat its purchase the next time it’s planning to buy a vehicle. This will create a brand loyalty that results to committed customers that won’t switch from brands when they planning to buy another car. The customers feedback towards Porsche is always loyal. Their devotion towards the brand is substantial. Since they get their desired satisfaction from Porsche, they reward the brand with dependability and eternal faith. 2) Contrast the traditional Porsche customer decision process to the decision process for a Cayenne or a Panamera customer. Well, traditional Porsche customers mainly focus on the image of exclusivity regardless of the car’s speed, size and practical conditions. The traditional Porsche customers skip most of the decision process and jumps right into the purchase decision. To the contrary, Cayenne or Panamera customers are looking for style, family car and speed. The differences between traditional Porshe customer decision process and decision process for a Cayenne customer are mentioned below: a) Need recognition: Traditional Porsche customer desire for a car which is as sophisticated as they are. Their main focus is on exclusivity. They want to interpret their life style through their car. They are ready to spend lavishly on a car just because they consider Porsche to be their mirror. It’s all about personality, style and self-satisfaction. A traditional Porsche customer is more concerned about the way the car sounds, vibrates and feels. Whereas, Cayenne customers are looking for both family car and speed. Their need is to have a larger vehicle that can accommodate more than two people. Mainly, they want a car which has good speed, size and style but still feel like a Porsche. b) Information search: Traditional Porsche buyers do not need much information search because they like Porsche because it is a Porsche. Its brand image itself is enough to lead them to a decision. Conversely, Cayenne customers are influenced by the fact that Cayenne is a sports utility vehicle designed in a family style. It has seatbelts for five but still it is developed as a luxury vehicle and the driving experience is as splendid as driving a traditional Porsche. To sum up, Cayenne buyers search for a deluxe vehicle with good size and speed. c) Evaluation of alternatives: Traditional Porsche customers are highly ambitious people and they aim for a car which is on the top notch. No other car can alternate Porsche for its lotal customer. So, there is no competition with any other car. To the contrary, Cayenne buyers have lots of questions in their mind like â€Å"Is there any car to handle both luxurious and practical points? †,† Is there any car which can drive as smoothly as Porsche and as speedily as a sports car? † They look for the price, size, style and other practical considerations. They attach degrees of importance to each attribute. Hence, they compare various features of a car before concluding into a decision. d) Purchase decision: Purchase decision of a traditional Porsche buyer is determined by customer expectation and satisfaction. They don’t take many things into consideration before making a decision. Only thing that matters is a having a luxurious car which can enhance their personality. On the other hand, Cayenne customers purchase decision is based upon the infrastructures of the car. They decide to buy a car which is deluxe, comfortable, well-equipped, high-speed, immense and full of many features. Taking all these factors into consideration, the customers develop the purchase intention of buying a Cayenne. An example of perfectness is 444 Horsepower Cayenne Turbo, a two and half ton beast could accelerate to 60 miles per hour in just over five seconds and hit 165 miles per hour, all while coddling five adults in sumptuous leather seats with almost no wind noise from the outside world. e) Post purchase behaviour: Traditional Porsche buyers are loyal to the brand and they enjoy being a Porsche owner. In opposition, Cayenne customers adopted the new model. But they are still loyal to Porsche because of the wonderful and enjoyable experience of performance and luxury. 3) Which concepts from the chapter explain why Porsche sold so many lower-priced models in the 1970s and 1980s? First, we can see that Porsche AG uses penetration pricing. This causes less profit for the new product but will create demand. Cultural, Social concept Porsche wants to be seen as a product better then their competitors. They create a status for themselves to interest the high class consumers. These consumers want to be seen as superior than others. Driving a Porsche shows off luxury, class and status. The company focuses on social class and status to advertise their cars. The lower-priced cars were never really accepted by loyalists of Porsche. They did not like sharing their brand with a customer who didn’t fit the Porsche owner profile. They chosen Mass over class marketing. After these years Porsche realized: â€Å"We’re not looking for volume, we’re searching for exclusivity†. Porsche used differentiated marketing strategy to target several market segments and designs separate offers for each. After this Porsche used undifferentiated (mass) marketing. Aiming at just high class cars. (Chapter 6) It also developed a special kind of SUV which was a smart move since it did not feel like a SUV. The text case described the SUV being â€Å"soundless, comfortable and fast†. Porsche was founded in 1931 by Ferdinand Porsche. Ferdinand created the Volkswagen beetle also known as the people’s car of Adolf Hitler. One of the most successful car designs of all time. The first years Porsche only created beetles for German citizens while created tanks for the German army. Between 1950 and 1970 Porsche created a few cars that were exclusive. Designs of the new Porsches made it hard to drive the new Porsche because the end swung when the car made a turn. This made is challenging to drive. It’s target group was successful people. Achievers who saw themselves as entrepreneurs, even if they worked in a corporation. They were not part of society but a group above the rest. 4) Explain how both positive and negative attitudes toward a brand like Porsche develop. How might Porsche change consumer attitudes toward the brand? An attitude describes a person’s favourable or unfavourable evaluations, feelings, and tendencies towards an object or idea. Top managers at Porsche spend a great deal pf time thinking about customers . But still customers develop both positive and negative attitudes towards a brand like Porsche. Consumer behaviour results from a complex interplay of cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors. Cultural factors include the social class. Positive attitude towards Porsche develops when Porsche gives a chance to show its consumer status in the society and separate them from the lower class. While negative attitude towards Porsche develops when the brand does not represent the exclusivity and the customers are not satisfied with the produced image anymore. To fund innovation and to commercialize, Porsche extended its brand outside the box which resulted in the loss of many loyal customers of Porsche. Porsche faithful considered the new models to be underperforming and they didn’t accept the models as real Porsche. For ex: When Porsche developed lower price models in the 1970s and 1980s , many lower class people could afford Porsche. But those individuals who used to buy Porsche for its uniqueness started developing negative attitude towards Porsche because they couldn’t see their reflection in Porsche any longer. Porsche can change customer attitude by increasing its performance to meet consumers’ expectations. It can enhance quality of its car that keeps up the customer image high and unique, where they enjoy the experience of driving rather than transportation. Porsche should keep the image of their high performance on behalf of upper-social level of customer who enjoy Porsche just because it is a Porsche. Its customers search their personality and their identity in their cars. Hence, Porsche can gain its reputation by creating replica of their customers in their cars. Negative attitudes of customers might be changed by creating new models without losing the real Porsche feel. By doing so, traditional customers will be satisfied because they can get the image of exclusivity for which Porsche is well-known. Also, new customers might get attracted because of the new and advanced model which has style, speed, comfort and individuality. 5) What role does the Porsche brand play in the self-concept of its buyers? Porsche brand develops one’s sensing of the self-concept, and the self-image of being successful and wealthy by producing very unique and luxurious vehicles, focusing on the appearance of the vehicles more than the performance, highlighting on designing vehicles that would reinforce the feeling of success and reflecting the customers’ high self-esteem, their roles, and their status. Porsche permits its customers to develop a self-concept of wealth and success. Porsche is developed to be a rather unusual product than the average vehicle. Porsche is developed for the higher-classes. Because Porsche customers buy Porsche because they want to be seen and want to show off with their wealth and success. That’s one of the reasons why Porsche realize that customers buy Porsche for its appearance rather than functionality. Quoted â€Å"Most Porsche buyers are not moved by information but by feelings. A Porsche is like a piece of clothing – something the owner â€Å"wears†Ã¢â‚¬  This brand allows people to live through an image that is developed by the brand, which is aimed at reflecting one’s success and wealth. By creating significant reputation about their product and the name they fulfill their customer’s needs and self-concept. Porsche sells its products to a certain class of individuals who wants to stand out above everyone else. Porsche had realized that they needed to improve their sales level and therefore they have extended their market by taking the poor in consideration (the Porsche 944 which was 10k less expensive than the 911) through the production of other types like the Cayenne and the Panamera. They aimed at improving their reputation after some image losses by focusing on the poor. Besides improving their reputation they were aiming at extending their market. By launching types of Porsche like the Cayenne and the Panamera they get the opportunity to venture into new segments of the market. Which directly had a positive impact on the company’s its sales and reputation. This strategy has helped Porsche a lot, because Porsche is now not completely focusing on a narrow customer group any more, but on a wider range of target audience.

Free Essays on Business Goals

A goal is the desired outcomes for individuals, groups, or entire organizations. Without goals, organizations would be disorganized, they would have no objective, and they something. There are many different approaches to setting goals and both Management, written by Stephen Robbins and Mary Coulter, and How to Motivate Today’s Workers, written by Bernard Rosenbaum, address the positives and negatives of these approaches. However, Management addresses goal setting as a process that involves the whole organization, while How to Motivate Today’s Workers discusses goal setting at a specific level of the organization. How to Motivate Today’s Workers begins its discussion with the topic of executive stress. It explains that a lack of feedback on one’s job performance and the lack of general communication between management and lower level employees is one of the greatest factors in executive stress. A simple resolution to this is to set goals that easily allow management to evaluate job performance and give feedback. â€Å"Do your best† is said to be one of the worst statements to motivate employees. â€Å"Do your best† can not be clearly measured nor can it assign accountability to an employees’ performance. A goal has to be specific and clearly measurable so that it can provide a source of feedback, assign accountability, and allow for an evaluation of performance. Well stated and measurable objectives are invaluable in motivating and improving employees. People live up to the perception of themselves. The most important contribution a manger can make i s enhancing an employees’ self-esteem through reinforcement and encouragement. Managers’ efforts should help employees be open to communication during the process of trying to achieve a goal in a non-defensive manner. Since those who have specific challenging goals perform better, managers need to maintain an easily approachable attitude in order to help one achiev... Free Essays on Business Goals Free Essays on Business Goals A goal is the desired outcomes for individuals, groups, or entire organizations. Without goals, organizations would be disorganized, they would have no objective, and they something. There are many different approaches to setting goals and both Management, written by Stephen Robbins and Mary Coulter, and How to Motivate Today’s Workers, written by Bernard Rosenbaum, address the positives and negatives of these approaches. However, Management addresses goal setting as a process that involves the whole organization, while How to Motivate Today’s Workers discusses goal setting at a specific level of the organization. How to Motivate Today’s Workers begins its discussion with the topic of executive stress. It explains that a lack of feedback on one’s job performance and the lack of general communication between management and lower level employees is one of the greatest factors in executive stress. A simple resolution to this is to set goals that easily allow management to evaluate job performance and give feedback. â€Å"Do your best† is said to be one of the worst statements to motivate employees. â€Å"Do your best† can not be clearly measured nor can it assign accountability to an employees’ performance. A goal has to be specific and clearly measurable so that it can provide a source of feedback, assign accountability, and allow for an evaluation of performance. Well stated and measurable objectives are invaluable in motivating and improving employees. People live up to the perception of themselves. The most important contribution a manger can make i s enhancing an employees’ self-esteem through reinforcement and encouragement. Managers’ efforts should help employees be open to communication during the process of trying to achieve a goal in a non-defensive manner. Since those who have specific challenging goals perform better, managers need to maintain an easily approachable attitude in order to help one achiev...

Free Online Classes Directory

Free Online Classes Directory If you’re new to learning through the internet, want to test out a class, need to brush up on some skills for your credit classes, or just want to learn a few new facts, you’ll want to check out one of the many free courses available online. Although these courses don’t provide college credit, they do give students a lot of information and can be a valuable supplement to your regular studies. There are two main types of online courses: independent courses that are made exclusively for the internet, and open courseware classes that are designed for actual classrooms. Independent Courses Independent courses are made especially for e-learners. From poetry to financial planning, theres something out there for everyone.Brigham Young University has a number of online courses offered for credit to paying students, but they also offer free classes that are open to the general public. Although these classes do not offer interaction among peers, they have a sensible set up and often provide useful information. One of the most common subjects offered is genealogy; BYU has quite a few specialized courses to help genealogists locate their personal family information. A number of religious courses are also available.Stanford University offers free lectures, interviews, and material that are avaliable for download on iTunes.Free-ed.net offers a variety of courses that include materials completely online. Some even have free online textbooks. The Information Technology programs are some of the best and include step-by-step instructions on mastering various types of computer skills . The Small Business Administration provides dozens of links to courses that teach you how to plan, start, market, and run a successful business, and also how to apply for grants and loans. The Teaching Company sells audio and video classes taught by top professors. However, if you sign up for their email newsletter, they will send you occasional free lectures that can be downloaded and saved. Open Courseware Open courseware programs are designed to give students around the world access to course materials actually used in university classrooms. Participating colleges post syllabi, assignments, calendars, lecture notes, readings, and other materials online, making it easy for self-learners to study the topic on their own terms. Open courseware programs do not require registration or charge tuition. However, they  do not award credits or allow for interaction with a professor.Want to take an MIT course for free? MIT’s open courseware program offers students around the world access to materials and assignments used in actual classrooms. More than 1,000 courses are currently available.Tufts University also offers a handful of quality open courseware classes as does Utah State University and John Hopkins University.

Phase 4 Discussion Board 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Phase 4 Discussion Board 2 - Assignment Example This can only be achieved through motivated employees. Therefore, using my leadership, I feel it’s my responsibility to ensure that I befriend each and every employee, and strain to make the employees working environment as comfortable as possible to ensure efficiency. Given that Cokingtin is a small organization with less than 50 employees, then reaching each employee won’t be a difficult task for me. Note that befriending employees would not loosen my management roles of supervising and punishing non-performers. All this will be deemed at ensuring customer satisfaction, hence increase the number of customers, which will boost returns giving room for the firm’s growth, development and expansion. As mentioned earlier, I am experienced in offering health care services to patients through my vast knowledge in physiology and anatomy, than incorporated a lot of practical work. However, I realized that I perform better while in a team rather than as an independent nurse practitioner. For this reason, I advanced my leadership and management skills. I consider my capability to function in a team, analyzing other people’s opinions and letting them criticize mine a vital strength towards success in my job. Secondly, I have trained in various managerial aspects such as project management, organizational behavior principles, quality management. Most importantly, in the health sector, i adequate knowledge on economics of health care, global health systems, fiscal management in health care in addition to basic health care knowledge. Therefore, although this position is my first of its kind, my background knowledge especially in management and my ambitions towards the firm’s success make me fit to the position. Noteworthy, I have been sharing opinions with my colleagues when I was a medical assistant, always being a ringleader and creating discussion topics during tea breaks. As a matter of fact, these discussions made my colleagues open up and share

Does teaching yoga to older adults improve their overall health Research Paper

Does teaching yoga to older adults improve their overall health - Research Paper Example 2. Conducting a survey or an actual experiment to ascertain the effect of yoga on the overall health of adults would limit the researcher’s conclusions to the population in a particular area where he or she had conducted the experiment or survey. If the researcher wishes to make a representative conclusion for the older adult population across different states, he or she can do so with a systematic review. 3. (Related to number 2) Budgetary, logistics and time constraints to making a nationwide or interstate study will be eliminated because the data is already collected for the researcher. The researcher won’t have to travel that long and won’t need to shell out money for the expenses of printing our hundreds of survey forms. This is ideal for college students especially those that still have subjects because they won’t have to take time off of their classes to accomplish the research. The constraint lies on the organization and the selection of articles i ncluded in the review because this entails hours and hours of arduous library and computer research wherein most of the articles the researcher will read will not make it to the final list of articles that will be included in the systematic review. Sampling: Choosing the articles will require the library data base of the university as well as its access to different printed and online journals. Articles included in the study should be products of first hand, qualitative or quantitative research which are peer reviewed and came from reputable journals. No review articles will be included. Only articles published within the span of 3 years including the present year will be incorporated so as to keep the information pool up-to-date. The ages of the participants in the articles should be not less than 45 years, so as to comply with the â€Å"older adult† category in the research question. Articles should be focused on the effects of yoga on different facets of health (emotional, mental, environmental, social, spiritual, and physical) – these effects must include both positive and negative reaction to yoga. Among the articles that have passed these criteria, a final list of 30 articles will be included in the actual systematic review paper. This will require the researcher to be patient, diligent and exhaustive in doing the selection and making the final cut of articles included in the final paper. Key Variables: Two types of data are expected to be gathered and examined for this review – qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data like satisfaction in the effect of Yoga, perceived improvement in the quality of life, and testimonies of yoga practitioners will be collated and summarized then presented as text in the final paper. The qualitative data can also be nominalized and presented in a graph with the frequency of people that was a significant improvement in their wellbeing with yoga. Quantitative data will also be summarized and a ppropriate graphs will be presented for each health facet. The if data gathered did not use the p-test to statistically validate their hypothesis then a re-analysis of the data and normalization of the data set will be done as to make it analyzable by test statistics that can be

Religion Essay Example for Free

Religion Essay He was the Lord of Hosts and the god of battle. B) He was believed to inspire battle ecstasy in some warriors; called Berserks who would fight welcomed into the Paradise of Valhalla those who died in battle. 9. Odin was often depicted as a Middle aged man with long curly hair and a beard. He was attended by two ravens, Hug in (though) and man in (memory). Which he sent out into the world every day to gather information for him. 10. Odin crucified himself on the world tree in a mysterious ritual of sacrificing himself to himself to advance his quest for sacred knowledge. For nine days and nights he hung, pierced by a spear, until magical ‘runes’ (mystical symbols) appeared before him. 11. Thor the god of thunder, lightning and storms, was Odin’s eldest brother, his mother was the earth. 12. This hammer was made for him by the Dwarves, and would magically he turn to his hand whenever he needed it. 13. Thor the of thunder, lighting and storms was Odin eldest brother and his mother was the earth. Thor was supernaturally strong and renowned for his huge appertite. He drove about the heavens in cart pulled by his two fierce billy gods. Tooth Cnasher and tooth Grinder. 14. Loki helped the giants trick the thunder god. * Loki the trickster god was notorious among the deities. * He was the foster- brother of Odin, and the one who gave the fishing net to the Nordic people. * He was actually a giant who had been adopted into the Aesir because of his lively wit. 15. Capable of both good and evil Loki was an ambiguous figure who later came to be linked with Christian images of the devil. 16. Bader, a son of Odin and Frigg was the god of light. Balder was the most beautiful and gracious of the Aesir in Asgard. His mother extracted oaths from all things in nature not a harm her son. Horde and aimed it for him at balder who was killed by it. The gods grieved inconsolably over his death. 17. Freyr ( twin brother of Freya, and originally once of the vanir) * Njord was the god of the sea and father of the twins Freyr and Freya. * Tyr (aka Tiwaz) was the sword god, the hideous Fenris wolf bit Try’s arm off as Fenris was bound for the third time. * Helmdall, the god of the rising down, stood guard at the Asgard end the Bifrost Bridge and carried Gjallar, the mighty war horn. 18. Female deities featured quite strongly in Nordic religion and were seen to be as sashed and powerful as the male gods. 19. Frijj, Odin’s wife and Queen of the deities, was goddess of lone and death. 20. Freya the most renowned of the god desses ‘was twin sister of Freyr, she lame to be worshipped in a variety of fields, from warfare to lone of fairs, beauty, soothsaying (prophecy or truth telling). Freya lived (ever greedy for knowledge); she taught him the shamanistic (spiritual) magic known as seider. In return, she received half of all the warriors slain in battle and brought to Asgard. 21. The Valkyries, foster- daughters of Odin, were supernatural women who lived in Valhalla where they were cupbearers to the shades (spirits) of dead warriors. Valkyries were copse goddesses, unromantically represented by the raven. Contrary to popular depiction they did not ride winged horses. Often in a troop of nine, they rode fierce wolves into battle and allocated victory and defeat to the combatants. 22. The rode fierce wolves into battle and allocated victory and defeat to the combat ants. Those who died in battle were taken by the Valkyries to Valhalla, the golden feasting hall of the gods in Asgard. 3. The Norns were the three Fates, three terrible sisters named. Urd (Fate), verdanda (Being), and skuld (Necessity) originally from the land of the giants the norns spun the threads of life that allocated each individual’s destiny. 24. They wore the threads that shaped the lives not only of numars but also of the gods themselves. For that reason, the norns were often regarde d as more powerful than the deities, some traditions say that the two eldest Norns (Urd, the Fate of the past, and verdanda, the Fate of the present). 25. The Norns also tended to Yggdrasil, the word tree, and kept it healthy. Every day they drew pure water from the spring of Fate, whitened it with clay and poured the mixture over the tree so that the water fell down to earth as fresh life giving dew. In this way, they preserved the always nibbling at Yggdrasil buds and new leaf shoots, the Norns kept the tree green and growing. 26. Hela was the Queen of the dead. She lived in the underworld of Niflheim, the northern land of ice and darkness, all who died from sickness or old age passed into Hela’s world. The giants were older than the gods, and know so much more about the past that the gods had to go to them for wisdom. The Norns of underlying implication that even the gods themselves would come to an end in time is a continual haunting theme throughout the stories of Nordic mythology. 28. Mimir (memory) a very old and very wise giant who was keeper of the spring of wisdom. * Vafthrudner was called the all wise among the giants in Jotunheim. * Hrimthurs, was the rock giant who but Asgard fortifications sart, was the southern land of prim evil fine which devoured all the world all the world at the end of time. 9. The Nordic mythology is threads that shaped the lives not only of numans but also of the gods themselves. The Norns after regarded as more powerful than the deities. The gods were not permitted to see their life threads, suggested that they were subject to a fate beyond their divine control. The Norn who fixed the length of the thread of life by some accounts, unravelled what he sister had made. The Norns also tended to Yggdrasil, the world tree, and kept it healthy.

What is a Community? Essay -- Sociology

A community is established when more than two people share the same values and through time this personal connection evolves into a fellowship governed by rituals, traditions, and a particular form of communication that when taken together makes a group of individuals whether living in a specific geographical area or connected by ideals so distinct that their distinguishing marks allow them to stand out from among the crowd. They do not just believe in something like an organization but they need each other to survive and thrive. A good example is the Old Order Amish Mennonite community wherein the community serves as source of identity, strength and provides the reason why they should sustain the community’s way of life. It is important to understand that in order for a community to exist at least three conditions must be met: a) place; b) interest; and c) communion (Smith, p.1). There must be a territory or place where people can congregate or can be seen (Smith, p.1). The location also helps identify the community and differentiate its members from other groups. The common interests shared by the members create a tight-knit community. Some examples of interests found in communities are religion, occupation, ethnic origin and even hobbies. Aside from location and interest one of the most important components is communion. There must be a connection between the members of a particular community. Without this communion, the coming together, a profound sharing of ideas, resources etc., there can be no community but a group of individuals banded together simply because of proximity such as those living in a gated community in an upscale neighborhood but the residents do not know each other. A more technical definiti... ...rd the Amish Mennonite community exemplifies the meaning of community. The community is established and continues to develop because it is a source of identity, strength, and sustainability – the reason why they must exist and perpetuate their way of life until the end of time. Works Cited Cnaan, Ram & Carl Milofsky. Handbook of Community Movements and Local Organizations. New York: Springer Science, 2008. Schwieder, Elmer & Thomas Morain. A Peculiar People: Iowa’s Old Order Amish. Iowa: University of Iowa Press, 1975. Smith, Mark. â€Å"Community.† Accessed 21 October 2010. Available from http://www.infed.org/community/community.htm Bellah ET AL., Robert. "Community, Commitment, and Individuality." Literacies: Reading, Writing, Interpretation. By Terence Brunk. Second ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 2000. 74. Print.

Effects on Conflict in Northern Ireland Essay

Social segregation is one of the effects of the conflict on the people of Northern Ireland. The Protestants and the Catholics grew up in an atmosphere of tension and violence. They each received different education, each praising their own and condemning the deeds of the other. In addition, most of them live in separate residential areas. The Belfast ‘peace’ wall is one of many walls built to separate Protestants and Catholics. The violence in the country also means that the Protestants and the Catholics believe that their own people were right and the other party was responsible for the conflict. Thus the young people of Northern Ireland could grow up without meeting anyone from the other community. This has led to the lack of understanding between the two religious groups. Thus it led to the growth of hatred and prejudices between them. With increased hostility, violence continued to rise. The economy of Northern Ireland was also affected by the conflict. Prior to the conflict, many overseas companies were invested in Northern Ireland. Tourists came to the country as it was peaceful and attractive. As a result of the conflict, both foreign investments and tourism declined. The foreign-owned factories closed down when violence increased operating costs in Northern Ireland. The constant threat of bombings and high cost of security drove away large manufacturers in great numbers. People were afraid of their safety and did not want to come to Northern Ireland and investors were afraid to invest there too. This reduced the revenue (income) for Northern Ireland, leading to declining economy. The conflict also affected Northern Ireland politically. Prior to the conflict, the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) organized several demonstrations to end discrimination against the Catholics. The Civil Rights marches pressured the Northern Ireland government to pass anti-discrimination measures in Northern Ireland. As a result of the conflict, the government agreed to abolish the unequal voting system. After Bloody Sunday in 1972, an agreement was reached to introduce power-sharing between the Catholics and Protestants in 1998. However this agreement has not been fully implemented as different political parties refused to share power. Among all 3, the most serious effect is the social segregation. This is because it leads to many young people in Northern Ireland growing up with hatred and prejudice towards the other community. With the rise of prejudice, there would be no end to the conflict in Northern Ireland. If prejudice can be overcome, there would be better understanding among people of Protestants and Catholics especially the youth. This would reduce violence, leading to greater reconciliation and greater success at both political reforms and the return of investments and tourists. Nur Liyana

Michael Jordan

Michael Jordan- Dominator of Basketball Who is the best basketball player of all times? Michael Jordan is the greatest all-time NBA player. He left college after his junior year to join the league. He was drafted by the Chicago Bulls and soon proved himself on the court. Michael Jordan dominated the sport from the mid-1980s to the late 1990s. He led the Chicago Bulls to six national championships as well as earned the National Basketball Association’s (NBA) Most Valuable Player Award for five times.This professional basketball player has accomplished so much more. He is also an Olympic athlete, business entrepreneur, and actor. During the summer of 1984, Jordan made his first appearance in the Olympics. He was a member of the United States basketball team. Jordan helped earned the gold medal at the games. Later, in 1992, he also played on the â€Å"Dream Team† which participated in the Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain. The team easily won the gold medal. Jordan is involved in a number of business ventures.In 2006, he bought a share of the Charlotte Bobcats. He joined the team’s executive ranks and became a managing member. He landed several endorsement deals with companies such as Nike, Old Spice and Gatorade. Many popular clothing and shoe designs are inspired by his talents. He also has vested in several restaurants. Michael Jordan was pushed further into the spotlight as he enters the film industry. He was the star actor in the movie Space Jam in 1996. He has made several appearances on the Today Show, ESPN, and even Oprah.It is also very common to view him on athletic commercials such as Gatorade ,Nike, and old spice. It is so obvious that Michael Jordan is the one of the most successful, popular, and wealthy athletes in the professional sports history. He still remains the most decorated player in the NBA. Jordan received one of the greatest honors in basketball. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fam e. This accomplishment alone proves that Michael Jordan will always be know Because of his Olympic athlete, business entrepreneur, and acting career.

smoking on the body essays

smoking on the body essays Tobacco is one of the leading preventable causes of death in the United States. Nicotine, which is an alkaloid derived from the tobacco plant, is a potent chemical that has powerful effects on the human body, especially when administered rapidly or at high doses. Prenatal exposure to nicotine is associated with adverse reproductive outcomes, including altered neural structure and functioning, cognitive deficits, and behavior problems in the offspring (9). At least 20% - 30% of pregnant women are estimated to smoke cigarettes, although smoking is associated with low birth weight, prematurity and infant mortality. In the United States, smoking accounts annually for estimated fetal deaths ranging from 19,000 to 141,000, for 1,900 to 4,800 deaths during or immediately after parturition, and for 1,200 to 2,200 death from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (7). Maternal smoking has been implicated in long term deficits in infant mental development and adverse behavioral problems in children such as attention disorder. Nicotine crosses the human placenta and has direct effects on the developing fetus. Pre-clinical studies suggest that maternal smoking during pregnancy produces changes on the offspring's neural functioning, including reductions in uptake of serotonin, alterations in dopaminergic systems, alterations in peripheral and central noradrenergic neurons, and changes in DNA and RNA synthesis in the brain (9). Children prenatally exposed to nicotine consistently score lower in the two subcategories of expressive language and conceptual comprehension. Evidence from studies of human neonates suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with increased rates of neurobehavioral difficulties. Several studies have linked maternal smoking during pregnancy with childhood inattention, impulsivity, and motor hyperactivity in offspring. Similarly, maternal smoking during pregnancy has been associated with parent-t...

SUNY Application Tips How to Apply, Deadlines, and More

SUNY Application Tips How to Apply, Deadlines, and More SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The State University of New York system of colleges- commonly known as SUNY- encompasses some 64 different campuses throughout New York. These campuses include research universities, community colleges, and even specific programs at other universities like Cornell. Though this means that students who want to attend SUNY schools have plenty of choices, it also means that the SUNY application can feel something like a maze of options. Which school do you need? Which application should you fill out? Are you applying to one school or many? If you’re thinking of attending one of these 64 schools and need assistance filling out the SUNY application, this guide is here to help. We’ll be covering admissions requirements, which schools require supplemental essays, and some helpful information for filling out your application. SUNY has so many campuses that there's probably a few in this picture. Despite having 64 different campuses, the SUNY system’s application is fairly straightforward. Most students who apply to schools in the system use applySUNY, a proprietary application developed specifically for SUNY. You can use applySUNY to apply to almost any college within the SUNY system. However, there are a few schools that require their own applications: Cornell University, College of Agriculture Life Sciences (Universal or Common Application) Cornell University, College of Human Ecology(Universal or Common Application) Cornell University, College of School of Industrial Labor Relations(Universal or Common Application) Cornell University, College of College of Veterinary Medicine(Universal or Common Application) Downstate Medical University (Apply Yourself Application) Empire State College (SUNY ESC Application) Health Sciences Center at Stony Brook University (Multiple Applications) Nassau Community College (Nassau Community College Application) College of Optometry (OptomCAS) Rockland County Community College (RCC Application) Suffolk County Community College (Suffolk County Community College Application) Westchester County Community College (Westchester Community College Application) If you’re applying to any of those, be sure that you look up application deadlines, expectations, and other information in advance. Their requirements may differ substantially from the applySUNY requirements, so get started early. Other schools accept the Common Application in addition to applySUNY, giving you a second option if you’re also applying to schools that aren’t in the SUNY system: Purchase College, SUNY SUNY Albany SUNY Alfred State College of Technology SUNY Binghamton University SUNY Buffalo State SUNY Cobleskill SUNY College at Brockport SUNY College at Geneseo SUNY College at Old Westbury SUNY College at Oneonta SUNY College of Environmental Science Forestry SUNY College of Technology at Canton SUNY Cortland SUNY Delhi SUNY Farmingdale State College SUNY Fredonia SUNY Maritime College SUNY Morrisville State College SUNY New Paltz SUNY Oswego SUNY Plattsburgh SUNY Polytechnic Institute SUNY Potsdam SUNY Stony Brook University SUNY University at Buffalo Keep an eye on deadlines to make sure you're always on target! When Is the SUNY Application Due? Now that you know which application you’ll be filling out, it’s time to get into logistics. The applySUNY application is available online and in a paper version. Electronic applications are generally faster and easier for both students and colleges, but if you have limited internet access or other concerns, it’s totally fine to submit a paper application instead. Regardless of which one you choose, be sure that you include all required material! The SUNY system is somewhat atypical in that there is no official deadline for general applications; they’re accepted on a rolling basis as long as a program has openings. However, applications will close as soon as a program is full, so the sooner you can apply, the better. It’s always wise to double-check the website of the campus you’re applying to. And though there is no official deadline, SUNY still recommends that you get your application in by December 1. For students applying Early Decision, application dates vary. Early Decision students applying to the NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University or Maritime have a deadline of November 1, while students applying to Geneseo have a deadline of November 15, and ESF students have a deadline of December 1. For Early Action, a non-binding early application, students hoping to attend Albany or Binghamton should apply by November 1. Oswego hopefuls should apply by December 1. All other Early Action applications must be received by November 15. For all Early Action students, the deadline to finalize their enrollment decision is May 1. Good grades will make your application a slam dunk. What Test Scores and GPA Do You Need for SUNY Schools? The variety of schools within the SUNY system means that there’s no hard and fast GPA and test scores guidelines for the entire system. Aim high and work hard to get the best score possible, but if you’re looking to flesh out your college list with some SUNY schools, these are the admissions requirements: School GPA ACT SAT Acceptance Rate SUNY Adirondack n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY University at Albany 3.4 24 1095 54 percent New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University 3.03 23 1110 62.7% Alfred State College 3.04 22 1045 67.7% Binghamton University 3.7 29 1361 40.4% The College at Brockport 2.98 23 1095 53.2% SUNY Broome n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY University at Buffalo 3.6 26 1225 57.4% SUNY Buffalo State 3.15 20 970 60% SUNY Canton n/a 17 - 22 880 - 1100 82.6% Cayuga Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy Clinton Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Cobleskills 3.09 20 960 94.3% Columbia Greene Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy New York State College of Agriculture Life Sciences at Cornell University 4.05 33 1470 12.7% New York State College of Human Ecology at Cornell University 4.05 33 1470 12.7% New York State School of Industrial Labor Relations at Cornell University 4.05 33 1470 12.7% New York State College of Veterinary Medicine at Cornell University 4.05 33 1470 12.7% Corning Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Cortland 3.4 24 1125 47.9% SUNY Delhi n/a n/a n/a 51.3% SUNY Downstate Medical Center n/a n/a n/a 14% Dutchess Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Empire State College n/a n/a n/a 84% SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry 3.85 26 1237 52.2% SUNY Erie Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Farmingdale State College 3.24 21 1062 59% Fashion Institute of Technology 3.6 n/a n/a 47% Finger Lakes Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Fredonia 3.3 24 1150 64.9% Fulton-Montgomery Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Genesee Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Geneseo 3.66 27 1290 72.4% Herkimer County Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy Hudson Valley Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Jamestown Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Jefferson Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Maritime College 3.26 25 1178 69.4% Mowhawk Valley Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Monroe Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Morrisville State College n/a 17 - 22 850 - 1060 77.4% Nassau Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY New Paltz 3.6 25 1171 44.3% SUNY Niagara County Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy North Country Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY College at Old Westbury 3.1 21 1070 68.6% SUNY Oneonta 3.6 23 1115 59.5% Onondaga Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY College of Optometry n/a n/a n/a Unknown SUNY Orange County Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Oswego 3.5 24 1150 54.4% SUNY Plattsburgh 3.2 23 1121 52.9% SUNY Potsdam 3.31 21 1080 66.6% SUNY Purchase College 3.1 24 1150 43.5% SUNY Rockland Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Schenectady County Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy Stony Brook University 3.79 28 1304 42.2% Suffolk County Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Sullivan County Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy SUNY Polytechnic Institute n/a n/a n/a 62% Tompkins Cortland Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy Ulster County Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy Upstate Medical University n/a n/a n/a 34% SUNY Westchester Community College n/a n/a n/a Open Admissions Policy Sharpen your pencils for SUNY's essay requirements. What Should You Know About SUNY Essays? Both the applySUNY application and the Common Application use the same prompts. You have seven choices, with just one required essay of 250 to 650 words. However, some colleges require or accept a supplemental essay for freshmen and transfer students.Unless otherwise stated, the colleges listed below may require or recommend the following supplemental prompt as part of the applySUNY supplement: Please provide additional information (up to 250 words) that will help us better understand your academic performance. You may also use this space to explain any chronological gaps in your academic history (e.g. a period of time after high school graduation before applying to college). Always double-check with each individual school to be sure of their requirements. Additional information may be required after submitting your essay, so check in regularly to be sure you don't miss it. Schools That Require or Recommend Supplemental Essays for Freshmen Alfred State College Required SUNY Binghamton Required SUNY at Brockport Required Buffalo State College Required SUNY at Buffalo Required, if using applySUNY College of Agriculture Technology at Cobleskill Recommended SUNY Cortland Required College of Technology at Delhi Required for Adult Learners College of Environmental Science and Forestry Required: The ESF Admissions Committee would like to understand your interest in the college and our programs of study. Please explain why you have chosen the SUNY-ESF majors you selected in the Academic section of this screen and how each would fulfill your educational and career goals. If you selected ‘Undeclared’ as one of your choices, please tell us which majors you are considering and how they will fulfill your educational and career goals. Farmingdale State College Required Fashion Institute of Technology Required: What makes you a perfect candidate for FIT? Why are you interested in the major you are applying to? The essay is also your chance to tell us more about your experiences, activities and accomplishments. (No more than 750 words, please.) If you are a transfer student, you will be prompted to submit information about your in-progress courses, including course name and numbering and the name of the school you are currently attending. SUNY Fredonia Required SUNY Geneseo Required - Geneseo Supplement Maritime College Required Morrisville State College Required SUNY New Paltz Required SUNY Old Westbury Required (Choose One): 1. Please describe the challenges you expect to face at the SUNY Old Westbury and how you are prepared to meet those challenges. 2. Please describe an experience that has impacted your educational goals, and explain how the SUNY Old Westbury can help you accomplish them. 3. Personal Statement of your choice. SUNY Oneonta Required SUNY Oswego Required SUNY Plattsburgh Recommended SUNY Potsdam Required SUNYPurchase Required: Purchase College’s motto is â€Å"Think Wide Open.† It’s our way of learning, teaching and being and so much more. By choosing Purchase, students make a conscious decision to join an intense community with a deep respect for individuality and diversity and an unparalleled environment of creativity and innovation. As an applicant, we want to know what Think Wide Open means to you. All students submit either an essay, video or other creative work (poem, song, visual artwork, etc.). It should be original and should connect to Think Wide Open broadly or specifically. Videos and creative works should include a brief introduction or statement that helps contextualize your submission for the viewer/reader. Stony Brook University Required SUNY Polytechnic Required Schools That Require or Recommend Additional Essays for Transfer Students School Requirement College of Technology at SUNY Delhi Required: Supplemental Application SUNY Purchase Required: Transfer Supplemental SUNY Polytechnic Recommended: Supplemental Application Spend some time planning to avoid chewing your pencil this much. How to Answer the SUNY Essay Prompts Since most of SUNY’s required essays are the same as the Common Application, you can follow all the best practices for writing impressive Common App essays.However, there are some additional things to keep in mind when you’re answering the prompts specifically for SUNY. Don’t answer the same prompt twice, unless you have a radically different answer the second time. Really put the effort in to ensure that your essays stand out from one another, even if they use the same prompt. Second, tie your SUNY essay into SUNY itself. Your Common Application essays can be more general because they’ll be sent to every school that you apply to, but your college-specific essays should be tied to individual colleges. To do this, consider making a visit to campus or browsing their course catalog and club lists. You want SUNY to know that you’re not applying just because of proximity or reputation- you want to go to a SUNY school because it matters to you, not because you’ve heard its good. Third, be sure that your essay is always personal and unique. You may share some features with other students, including your good grades and extracurriculars, but no student is exactly the same as you. Your essay should reflect that- a good SUNY essay will be so unique that nobody else could possibly have written the same thing. Dig deep into what makes you you as you write your essay. Don’t just present yourself as a collection of grades and time invested in extracurriculars. What does your time spent in cooking club say about you? Is it that you love creating delicious foods that feed your hungry friends? Is it that you understand the reward of simmering something all day to bring out its innate flavors? Is it the thrill of perfecting a recipe you invented yourself? The more specific and personal your essays are, the better off you’ll be. Fill them with context and personality and you’ll be on the way to a successful SUNY application. Be the red gummy bear in a sea of clear ones. What Does SUNY Look for in Students? Your essay is just one part of your SUNY application. SUNY is looking for a comprehensive picture of your strengths as a student, so keep all these things in mind as you’re working on your application: Strong Academics Grades are extremely important to a successful college application. Use the table above to find out the average admitted GPA for the schools you’re applying to in order to figure out if your grades are on target. If not, start working now to improve your grades. A guide like this one can help you start making an academic plan to get your application into shape, no matter where you’re at in your education Passion You could have the best grades in the world, but if you don’t demonstrate any interest or passion for the things you do, you’re not likely to be a successful college student. That doesn’t mean you have to be in love with every subject, but rather that your application shows that you have interests and pursuits that you’re passionate about. Let your application, and especially your essays, show that you’re a person with varied passions and interests. You can even use a â€Å"spike† approach to your application, which showcases that you’re not only a good student, but that you have a particular passion that you’re dedicated to honing at your chosen school. Say you’re very into journalism- if you weight your application with English courses, journalism courses, time spent working on your school newspaper, and maybe even a few published works outside of school, you’re showing SUNY that you’re serious about what you do and that you’re ready to put in the work to pursue it. Leadership Investment in activities is great, but leadership is even better. Colleges like SUNY want to see that you’re serious about your commitments, and a leadership position shows that you’re confident and capable of inspiring others. If you’ve acted as a team captain, an editor, a group leader, or any other position of authority related to your field, it’s worth including in your application and essay. Leadership positions not only demonstrate your passion, but also your trustworthiness and ability to inspire. These are important features on a college campus, where you’ll be participating in campus culture, not just being an individual in a sea of unfamiliar faces. Show that you can lead others and you’ll show SUNY that you’re a good person to have on campus. Diversity Students can easily get hung up on diversity, which is often used to mean difference in race, gender, sexuality, or socioeconomic status. But even if those things don’t apply to you- or if they don’t feel like they’re relevant to your experience- that doesn’t mean that you’re not a good fit. The word â€Å"diversity† can also be applied to diversity of experience and thought. Think about your upbringing and how it’s set you apart from others. Things like the size of your hometown, the number of siblings you have, or where you live can impact your thinking and experiences, too. Don’t be afraid to include how your environment has shaped the person you are, including how you relate to others. Understanding of Mission and Goals One of the strongest ways to connect with the school you’re applying to is to understand what they want to accomplish as a college. Consult their mission statement and academic goals, and even read a little deeper into the essay prompts to understand exactly what they’re looking for. Though individual SUNY schools may have their own mission statements, you can learn a lot about the system by consulting the general SUNY mission. For example, SUNY uses words like â€Å"diversity,† â€Å"access,† and â€Å"traditional and non-traditional students,† throughout. From that, we can deduce that SUNY is interested in providing opportunities and education to all kinds of students, not just those who are wealthy or privileged or even local. Keep this in mind as you’re working on your application. How can you align yourself with these values, or the other values expressed in SUNY’s mission statement? Do these ideas apply to you? If not, how can you demonstrate that you’re committed to helping maintain and grow that mission? Make a list, check it twice. SUNY Application Checklist Applying to SUNY- let alone applying to multiple schools at once- requires a lot of forms, essays, and documents coming together. If you’re struggling to stay on top of everything you need to do to apply, this checklist will help get you started. #1: DecideWhich Schools You’re Applying To Make a list of schools you’ll be applying to and the deadlines for each to help keep you on track. #2: Pay the Application Fee or Request a Waiver SUNY has a $50 application fee. If you qualify, get the fee waiver ahead of time and get it filled out so you’re ready to submit it with your application #3: Collect Letters of Recommendation If you’re submitting letters of recommendation, they should be ready to go along with your application. Ask your teachers, counselors, coaches, and so on early to be sure that you get a letter that’s of good quality and that's ready on time. #4: Complete the SUNY Application Depending on which SUNY school you’re applying to and whether or not you’ll be applying Early Decision or Early Action, you may or may not have a deadline. Research your school early so you can keep track of when you need to apply! #5: Submit Supplemental Portfolio and Essays Some SUNY schools require or allow supplemental portfolios or other materials. If you’ll be submitting them, they should already be ready to go by the time you submit your application. SUNY will give you the due dates for any supplemental materials when you complete your application. #6: Retrieve School Counselor Forms SUNY requires a special form from your school counselor. Your counselor is responsible for submitting this form, but be sure to give them plenty of time to do so. #7: Submit International Student Forms If you’re an international student, determine which forms you need in advance so you have plenty of time to fill them out and turn them in. #8: Submit Academic Record SUNY requests transcripts from freshmen and transfer applicants. You can request that your school send them electronically or by mail, but be sure you ask for them to be sent as soon as possible to ensure they arrive on time. #9: Submit FAFSA Submit your FAFSA application by June 30, 2019- but keep in mind that the earlier you submit, the better! Stay on top of your application and you'll be feeling as calm and balanced as these rocks. SUNY Application Tips This is a lot of information, but don’t panic. There are some simple things to keep in mind as you’re working on your SUNY application. Following these steps will help you be stress-free as you’re applying. Plan Early You’re guaranteed to get stressed if you’re trying to cram the entire college application process into just one month. Start early. The best time to start thinking about college applications is freshman year. The second best time is right now. No matter where you’re at, take a moment to draft a concrete plan to follow, including deadlines, and stick to it. The earlier you get started, the better. Don’t wait until deadlines are already looming- give yourself lots of time and avoid stressing. Focus on Either the SAT or ACT Is the ACT or SAT more important? That depends on a few different factors. But as you’re getting ready to apply for colleges, don’t worry too much about excelling on both. Pick one or the other to be your focus, and hone your score on that test. Don’t try to divide your attention. As long as your chosen school accepts the test you choose, it doesn’t matter which test you take. Do your best on one of them and you’ll be good to go. Strive for Depth Over Breadth in Extracurriculars You don’t need a thousand extracurriculars to impress SUNY. You don’t even need ten extracurriculars. What you need is depth, meaning that you’ve spent time cultivating an interest in something rather than doing a whole bunch of activities for the sole purpose of fleshing out your application. Having a variety is good, but not if you’ve only spent a minimum amount of time on them. Chase your passions and dive deep into them rather than dipping your toes into a whole bunch of fields. It’s better to have a couple of strong interests than tons of shallow ones. If you have time, try out lots of things, but don’t waste time you could spend on your passions doing soccer, baseball, piano lessons, volunteer work, tutoring, acrobatics, beekeeping, woodworking, photography, journalism, and Mathletes if only one or two of them are at all interesting to you. Seek Strong Letters of Recommendation Many SUNY schools allow or require letters of recommendation, but not all letters are created equal. You should be asking people in positions of authority who know you and your academic strengths to write your letters. Ask early, and don’t be offended if you get a â€Å"no† in response- it could be that the person you ask already has quite a few letters to write. Give the person you ask as much information as possible about where you’re applying and what programs you’re applying to; that will help them write an even better letter. Also, don’t forget to say thank you- though teachers expect to write letters of recommendation, you should always express gratitude for them going above and beyond their job duties. Keep Your Momentum Up Senior Year Once your application is in and your transcripts are submitted, it might be tempting to take a little break from your hard work and start slacking off in school. Don’t do it! Some schools require a mid-year report, which could hurt your chances. You’ve worked hard to get where you are, so keep up that positive momentum to carry you forward into college and beyond! What’s Next? Knowing what a college admissions committee is and what it does can help you write an even better application. There's lots of advice out there about how to write an impressive college application. But whatreally looks good on your app? Understanding the college application process can ease some of the stress of applying to colleges. This guide covers everything you need to know about applying! Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.